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①霍斯金斯直接影響了學(xué)者們對(duì)第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后英國新地方史的界定與認(rèn)知。一般認(rèn)為英國新地方史有如下四大特征：第一，它聚焦于普遍關(guān)注的綜合性議題；第三，它注重發(fā)掘利用各種史料，既利用文獻(xiàn)史料也利用物質(zhì)史料，后者包括景觀、建筑、人工制品等實(shí)體史料；第三，它開掘出多種研究技藝(既有定性的也有定量的)；第四，它利用多種研究方法解釋資料，這一進(jìn)路既可能來自對(duì)景觀證據(jù)的分析，也可能來自對(duì)人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)模型、投票行為或社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)的分析。參見John Beckett,Writing Local History,Manchester:Manchester University Press,2007,pp.2-3; Kate Tiller,”The VCH:Past,Present and Future,” The Historian,Vol.42(1994),p.18.

②霍斯金斯的獲頒勛章語為“for his services to local history”，這是該勛章歷史上第一次頒給一位地方史家，也是第一次出現(xiàn)勛章引語。參見Joan Thirsk,”William George Hoskins,1908-1992,” Proceedings of the British Academy,Vol.87(1994),p.352.

③Alan Everitt,”Founders:W.G.Hoskins,” Landscapes,Vol.5,no.1(2004),p.6.

④D.L.Wykes,”Professor William George Hoskins(1908-1992) and the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,” Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,Vol.66(1992),p.168.

⑤高岱：《威廉·霍斯金斯與景觀史研究》，《學(xué)術(shù)研究》2017年第12期。國內(nèi)學(xué)界此前在介紹英國地方史、景觀史時(shí)曾論及霍斯金斯，尤以徐浩為代表。參見徐浩：《英國經(jīng)濟(jì)—社會(huì)史研究：理論與實(shí)踐》，侯建新主編《經(jīng)濟(jì)—社會(huì)史：歷史研究的新方向》，商務(wù)印書館2002年版，第84頁；徐浩、侯建新：《當(dāng)代西方史學(xué)流派》，****大學(xué)出版社2009年版，第363、376頁；孫昊：《英國地方史研究中的萊斯特學(xué)派》，《史學(xué)理論研究》2006年第2期；于沛、郭小凌、徐浩：《西方史學(xué)史》，高等教育出版社2011年版，第278-279頁等。筆者亦曾撰文介紹過霍斯金斯對(duì)英國地方史研究與學(xué)科發(fā)展所做的貢獻(xiàn)。參見姜啟舟：《威廉·喬治·霍斯金斯與英國地方史研究》，《史學(xué)理論研究》2013年第1期。

⑥W.G.霍斯金斯：《英格蘭景觀的形成》，梅雪芹、劉夢(mèng)霏譯，商務(wù)印書館2018年版。

⑦參見姜芃：《霍布斯鮑姆與新社會(huì)史》，《史學(xué)理論叢書》編輯部編《八十年代的西方史學(xué)》，**社會(huì)科學(xué)出版社1990年版，第256-275頁；姜芃：《英國新社會(huì)史及其在**的回響》，鮑紹霖等編《西方史學(xué)的東方回響》，社會(huì)科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)出版社2001年版，第126-174頁；徐浩、侯建新：《當(dāng)代西方史學(xué)流派》，第128-139頁；俞金堯：《書寫**大眾的歷史：社會(huì)史學(xué)的研究傳統(tǒng)及其范式轉(zhuǎn)換》，《**社會(huì)科學(xué)》2011年第3期；劉耀輝：《羅德尼·希爾頓的中世紀(jì)社會(huì)研究》，《史學(xué)理論研究》2019年第1期等。

⑧梁民愫：《英國新社會(huì)史**的興起及其整體社會(huì)史研究的國際反響》，《史學(xué)月刊》2006年第2期。

⑨屈威廉該書1942年在美國和加拿大出版(本文所引版本)，1944年在英國出版。參見G.M.Trevelyan,English Social History,New York,Toronto and London:Longmans,1942/1944.

⑩Anthony Fletcher,”‘englandpast.net’:A Framework for the Social History of England,” Historical Research,Vol.75,no.189(Aug.2002),p.298.

(11)雖然“社會(huì)史這一術(shù)語一直難以界定”(霍布斯鮑姆語)，國內(nèi)外學(xué)界對(duì)新社會(huì)史的定義也始終未能達(dá)成一致，但新社會(huì)史所展現(xiàn)出的一些基本理念還是得到了大部分學(xué)者的認(rèn)同，即從下往上看的視角、注重普通人集團(tuán)的歷史，注重整體的歷史觀，注重研究領(lǐng)域的擴(kuò)大和學(xué)科間的交叉。參見E.J.Hob**awm,”From Social History to the History of Society,” Daedalus,Vol.100,no.1(Win.,1971),p.20；徐浩、侯建新：《當(dāng)代西方史學(xué)流派》，第128-139頁。

(12)梁民愫：《英國新社會(huì)史**的興起及其整體社會(huì)史研究的國際反響》，《史學(xué)月刊》2006年第2期。

(13)哈羅德·T.帕克：《英國》，伊格爾斯主編《歷史研究國際手冊(cè)》，陳海宏、劉文濤等譯，華夏出版社1989年版，第260頁。

(14)W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,London:Longmans,1959,p.3.

(15)H.M.Cam,”The Review of The Victoria History of the Counties of England.Rutland.Vol.ii by William Page; Sussex.Vol.iii,1935; Vol.ix,1937.Northampton.Vol.iv,1937 by L.F.Salzman,” The English Historical Review,Vol.53,no.211(Jul.,1938),pp.521-526.

(16)John Beckett,Writing Local History,p.115.

(17)John Beckett,”Local history,Family History and the Victoria County History:New Directions for the Twenty-first Century,” Historical Research,Vol.81,no.212(May,2008),p.355.

(18)W.G.Hoskins,”The Writing of Local History,” History Today,Vol.2,no.7(Jul.,1952),p.489.

(19)W.G.Hoskins,”English Provincial Towns in the Early Six**th Century,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,Vol.6(1956),p.1.

(20)W.G.Hoskins,”The Writing of Local History,” History Today,Vol.2,no.7(Jul.,1952),p.487.

(21)W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,p.12.

(22)David Meredith,”W.G.Hoskins:A Bibliography,” in C.W.Chalkin and M.A.Havinden eds.,Rural Change and ** Growth,1500-1800:Essays in English Regional History in Honour of W.G.Hoskins,London:Longman,1974,pp.343-344.

(23)W.G.Hoskins,”The Leicestershire Farmer in the Six**th Century,” Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,Vol.22(1941-1942),pp.33-94.

(24)W.G.Hoskins,”An Elizabethan Butcher of Leicester,” in W.G.Hoskins,Essays in Leicestershire History,Liverpool:Liverpool University Press,1950,pp.108-122.

(25)W.G.Hoskins,Midland England:a survey of the country between the chilterns and the Trent,London:B.T.Batsford,1949.

(26)W.G.Hoskins,”English Provincial Towns in the Early Six**th Century,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,Vol.6(1956),p.19.

(27)W.G.Hoskins,The Midland Peasant:The Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village,London:Macmillan &Co LTD,1957.

(28)R.C.Richardson,”The Review of Rural Change and ** Growth,1500-1800:Essays in English Regional History in Honour of W.G.Hoskins by C.W.Chalklin and M.A.Havinden,” Social History,Vol.2,no.4(Jan.,1977),p.535.

(29)有學(xué)者認(rèn)為，在霍斯金斯的影響下，地方史研究重心有了以下更迭：鄉(xiāng)村及其田地取代了莊園、農(nóng)民取代了領(lǐng)主、普羅大眾取代了貴族家族、定居類型與人口波動(dòng)取代了郡權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)、職業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)與城市起源及比較發(fā)展取代了自治市。參見Charles Phythian-Adams,”Leicestershire and Rutland,” in C.R.J.Currie and C.P.Lewis eds.,English County Histories:A Guide,Stroud:Alan Sutton,1994,p.239.

(30)與其同時(shí)代的一位英國學(xué)者在20世紀(jì)50年代圍繞法國大革命中的民眾運(yùn)動(dòng)撰寫了一篇博士論文，該文評(píng)論者、著名史家路易斯·納米爾(Lewis Namier)卻頗為尖銳地向作者問道：“你為何打擾這些土匪？”參見Richard Cobb,The Police and the People:French Popular Protest,1789-1820,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1970,p.81.

(31)Charles Phythian-Adams,”Hoskins’s England:A Local Historian of Genius and the Realisation of His Theme,” Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,Vol.66(1992),p.145.

(32)W.G.Hoskins,”English Local History:The Past and the Future,” in R.C.Richardson ed.,The Changing Face of English Local History,London:Ashgate,2000,p.128.

(33)H.P.R.Finberg,”Local History,” in H.P.R.Finberg ed.,Approaches to History:A Symposium,London:Routledge &Kegan Paul,1962,p.114.

(34)C.W.Chalkin and M.A.Havinden,”W.G.Hoskins:An Appreciation,” in C.W.Chalkin and M.A.Havinden eds.,Rural Change and ** Growth,1500-1800:Essays in English Regional History in Honour of W.G.Hoskins,p.xix.

(35)姜啟舟：《威廉·喬治·霍斯金斯與英國地方史研究》，《史學(xué)理論研究》2013年第1期。

(36)Harold Perkin,”Social History in Britain,” Journal of Social History,Vol.10,no.2(Win.,1976),p.134.

(37)H.J.Perkin,”Social History,” in H.P.R.Finberg ed.,Approaches to History:A Symposium,pp.61,55.

(38)姜芃：《**社會(huì)史的發(fā)展與英國新社會(huì)史：若干比較與思考》，《史學(xué)理論研究》1994年第1期。

(39)俞金堯：《書寫**大眾的歷史：社會(huì)史學(xué)的研究傳統(tǒng)及其范式轉(zhuǎn)換》，《**社會(huì)科學(xué)》2011年第3期。

(40)W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,p.7.

(41)W.G.Hoskins,Industry,Trade and People in Exeter,1688-1800,Manchester:Manchester University Press,1935.

(42)R.C.Richardson,”The Review of Rural Change and ** Growth,1500-1800:Essays in English Regional History in Honour of W.G.Hoskins by C.W.Chalklin and M.A.Havinden,” Social History,Vol.2,no.4(Jan.,1977),p.535.

(43)W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,pp.37-152.

(44)W.G.霍斯金斯：《英格蘭景觀的形成》，第3頁。

(45)Peter Burke,”The Review of Societies,Cultures and Kinship,1580-1850:Cultural Provinces and English Local History by Charles Phythian-Adams,” Man,Vol.29,no.3(Sept.,1994),p.748.

(46)Department of English local History Archive,”The Pleasure and Pains of the Local Historian.A Personal Occasion-a Farewell Lecture,”轉(zhuǎn)引自Charles Phythian-Adams,”Hoskins’s England:A Local Historian of Genius and the Realisation of His Theme,” Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,Vol.66(1992),p.145.

(47)M.W.Beresford,”The Review of The Midland Peasant:The Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village by W.G.Hoskins,” The Economic History Review,Vol.11,no.1(1958),p.155.

(48)John Beckett,”W.G.Hoskins and the Victoria County History in Leicestershire,” Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,Vol.85(2011),pp.165-191.

(49)R.B.Pugh,”Editorial Note,” in W.G.Hoskins ed.,The Victoria County History of the County of Leicester,Vol.II,London:Oxford University Press,1954,p.xiii.

(50)John Beckett,”W.G.Hoskins and the Victoria County History in Leicestershire,” Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,Vol.85(2011),p.168.

(51)Charles Phythian-Adams,”Leicestershire and Rutland,” in C.R.J.Currie and C.P.Lewis eds.,English Country Histories:A Guide.p.241.

(52)Christopher Dyer et al.,”Introduction:Local History in the Twenty-first Century,” in Christopher Dyer et al.eds.,New Directions in Local History since Hoskins,Hatfield:University of Hertfordshire Press,2011,p.9.

(53)W.G.Hoskins,”English Local History:The Past and the Future,”inR.C.Richardson eds.,The Changing Face of English Local History,p.137.

(54)John Beckett,”Local history,Family History and the Victoria County History:New Directions for the Twenty-first Century,” Historical Research,Vol.81,no.212(May,2008),p.356.

(55)Harold Perkin,”Social History in Britain,” Journal of Social History,Vol.10,no.2(Win.,1976),p.134.

(56)徐浩、侯建新：《當(dāng)代西方史學(xué)流派》，第137頁。

(57)R.E.Gallman,”Some Notes on the New Social History,” The Journal of Economic History,Vol.37,no.1( Mar.,1977),p.9.

(58)John Beckett,Writing Local History,p.109.

(59)G.M.Trevelyan,English Social History,p.vii.

(60)W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,p.105.

(61)霍斯金斯不僅熟知法國年鑒學(xué)派，而且受其早期研究路徑影響頗深。參見John Beckett,”Local History,Family History and the Victoria County History:New Directions for the Twenty-first Century,” Historical Research,Vol.81,no.212(May,2008),p.355.

(62)W.G.Hoskins,”English Local History:The Past and the Future,” in R.C.Richardson eds.,The Changing Face of English Local History,p.138.

(63)這是布里格斯在主編《英格蘭社會(huì)與經(jīng)濟(jì)史》叢書所寫引言中表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)。參見Asa Briggs,”Introductory Note,” in H.R.Loyn,Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest,London:Longmans,1962,pp.vii-viii.

(64)R.C.Richardson,”The Review of Rural Change and ** Growth,1500-1800:Essays in English Regional History in Honour of W.G.Hoskins by C.W.Chalklin and M.A.Havinden,” Social History,Vol.2,no.4(Jan.,1977),p.535.

(65)John Beckett,Writing Local History,p.109.

(66)W.G.Hoskins,The Midland Peasant:The Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village,p.xxii.

(67)于沛、郭小凌、徐浩：《西方史學(xué)史》，第278頁。

(68)John Beckett,”W.G.Hoskins,the Victoria County History,and the Study of English Local History,” Midland History,Vol.36,no.1(Spr.,2011),p.121.

(69)W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,pp.26-36; Charles Phythian-Adams,”Hoskins’s England:A Local Historian of Genius and the Realisation of His Theme,” Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,Vol.66(1992),p.144.

(70)John Beckett,”W.G.Hoskins and the Victoria County History in Leicestershire,” Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,Vol.85(2011),p.174.

(71)W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,p.2.

(72)John Beckett,”W.G.Hoskins and the Victoria County History in Leicestershire,” Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,Vol.85(2011),p.187.

(73)F.G.Emmison,”The Review of Local History in England by W.G.Hoskins,” The Antiquaries Journal,Vol.40,no.1-2(Apr.,1960),p.92.

(74)Maurice Beresford,”Professor W.G.Hoskins-A Memoir,” The Agricultural History Review,Vol.40,no.2(1992),p.164.

(75)W.G.霍斯金斯：《英格蘭景觀的形成》，第1頁。

(76)W.G.霍斯金斯：《英格蘭景觀的形成》，第16頁。

(77)John Beckett,Writing Local History,p.108.

(78)W.G.Hoskins,”English Local History:The Past and the Future,” in R.C.Richardson eds.,The Chonging Face of English Local History,p.136.

(79)Raphael Samuel et al.,”What is Social History?” in Juliet Gardiner ed.,What is History Today…?,Basingstoke:Macmillan,1988,p.44.

(80)Peter Burke,”Overture.The New History:Its Past and its Future,” in Peter Burke ed.,New Perspectives on Historical Writing,University Park:Pennsylvania State University Press,2001,p.11.

(81)W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,p.7.

(82)Charles Phythian-Adams,”English Local History:Some Current Approaches Appraised,” Acadiensis,Vol.5,no.1(Aut.,1975),p.117.

(83)約翰·托什：《史學(xué)導(dǎo)論》，吳英譯，北京大學(xué)出版社2007年版，第119頁。

(84)H.J.Perkin,”social History,” in H.P.R.Finberg eds.,Approaches to History:A Symposium,p.51.

(85)E.J.Hob**awm,”From Social History to the History of Society,” Daedalus,Vol.100,no.1(Win.,1971),p.21.

(86)W.G.Hoskins,”The Ownership and Occupation of the Land in Devonshire,1650-1800,” PhD Thesis,University of London,1938.

(87)C.W.Chalkin and M.A.Havinden,”Introduction,” in C.W.Chalkin and M.A.Havinden eds.,Rural Change and ** Growth,1500-4800:Essays in English Regional History in Honour of W.G.Hoskins,p.xv.

(88)有學(xué)者認(rèn)為屈威廉將經(jīng)濟(jì)史和政治史均排除于社會(huì)史的研究范圍之外。雖然此觀點(diǎn)不一定準(zhǔn)確，但屈威廉確實(shí)更注重社會(huì)史對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)史的價(jià)值，即“沒有社會(huì)史，經(jīng)濟(jì)史是貧瘠的”。參見張永華：《20世紀(jì)70年代以來英國史學(xué)研究中的新情況和新問題》，陳啟能主編《二戰(zhàn)后歐美史學(xué)的新發(fā)展》，山東大學(xué)出版社2005年版，第401-402頁；G.M.Trevelyan,English Social History,p.vii.

(89)Christopher Dyer et al.,”Introduction:Local History in the Twenty-first Century,” in Christopher Dyer et al.eds.,New Directions in Local History since Hoskins,p.7.

(90)W.T.MacCaffrey,”The Review of Local History in England by W.G.Hoskins,” The American Historical Review,Vol.65,no.4(Jul.1960),p.880.

(91)霍斯金斯同時(shí)坦言不是認(rèn)為城市**史、政治史不重要，而是它們已獲足夠重視。參見W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,p.71.

(92)W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,pp.93-105.

(93)霍斯金斯該書立基于其30多年的研究與教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、在英國各處圍繞此主題的演講及其收到的數(shù)百封咨詢信件；另外，《美國歷史評(píng)論》《英國歷史評(píng)論》等主流史學(xué)期刊在該書出版后均發(fā)表了書評(píng)，予以引介與高度評(píng)價(jià)，參見W.T.MacCaffrey,”The Review of Local History in England by W.G.Hoskins,” The American Historical Review,Vol.65,no.4(Jul.,1960),pp.879-880; Philip Styles,”The Review of Local History in England by W.G.Hoskins,” The English Historical Review,Vol.76,no.298(Jan.,1961),pp.190-191.

(94)R.A.Houston,”‘The Hard Rind of Legal History’:F.W.Maitland and the Writing of Late Medieval and Early Modern British Social History,” in Michael Lobban et al.eds.,Law,Lawyers and Litigants in Early Modern England,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2019,p.66.

(95)John Beckett,”W.G.Hoskins,the Victoria County History,and the Study of English Local History,” Midland History,Vol.36,no.1(Spr.,2011),pp.120,127.

(96)Lawrence Stone,”English and United States Local History,” Daedalus,Vol.100,no.1(Win.,1971),p.128.

(97)Christopher Dyer et al.,”Introduction:Local History in the Twenty-first Century,” in Christopher Dyer et al.eds.,New Directions in Local Histony since Hoskins,p.7.

(98)J.H.Plumb,”Introduction,” in J.H.Plumb ed.,Studies in Social History:A Tribute to G.M.Trevelyan,London:Longmans,1955,p.xiv.

(99)霍斯金斯所提交文章，參見W.G.Hoskins,”An Elizabethan Provincial Town:Leicester,” in J.H.Plumb ed.,Studies in Social History:A Tribute to G.M.Trevelyan,pp.33-67.

(100)C.W.Chalkin and M.A.Havinden,”Introduction,” p.xv.

(101)Raphael Samuel et al.,”What is Social History?” p.43.

(102)H.J.Perkin,”Social History,” in H.P.R.Finberg ed.,Approach to History:A Symposium,p.51.

(103)R.C.Richardson,The Debate on the English Revolution,Manchester:Manchester University Press,1998,p.162.

(104)Christopher Dyer,”Rodney Howard Hilton,1916-2002,” Proceedings of the British Academy,Vol.130(2005),pp.57-58.

(105)R.H.Hilton,”Kibworth Harcourt-A Merton College Manor in the Thir**th and Four**th Centuries,” in W.G.Hoskins ed.,Studies in Leicestershire Agrarian History,Leicester:Leicestershire Archaeological Society,1949,p.17.

(106)楊豫：《西方史學(xué)史》，江西**出版社1993年版，第373、383頁。

(107)E.J.Hob**awm,Industry and Empire:The Making of Modern English Society,Vol.II,New York:Pantheon Books,1968,p.317.

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（本文系天津市高等學(xué)校人文社會(huì)科學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目“英國《維多利亞郡史》纂修研究”(2019SK031)階段性成果。）

來源： 《史林》2020年第6期

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